Documentation of the past events gave rise to a subject in the field of education, history, and today we have the work related with the scripts of various civilisations. A script denotes the language of a particular civilization but the process of communication started much earlier. The material available in the form of script denotes the socio cultural, socio political, socio economical, psychological, philosophical, religious thought process of a society concerned. Writing systems have evolved from simple to more complex forms and the process will follow the journey of humans. Every hypothesis must avoid emotion, personal preference, vested interest and subjective criticism. At least, academically, it must have objective criticism and a vision of broadmindedness.
While going through the views of various researchers I was surprised to find few similarities between my hypothesis and the views of Professor Peter Revesz of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. His overall
vision of objective criticism / constructive criticism / analysis, where he keeps the doors of possibilities open regarding the evolution of various scripts, languages and IVC. It might be coincidence or analysing at the same frequency.
On the other hand, the work of RekhaRao, Yajnadevam (Bharath Rao) describes IVS more on the basis of rituals as if there were no other topics and work left for IVC. Yajna Devam is totally dependent on cryptographic deciphering, avoids the Sanskrit alphabets used in vedic Sanskrit, the ancient way of writing, has relied only on modern Sanskrit and Pre- Panini grammar have more or less no place in his work. The sound of the claim about the final result is more prominent in his work. One must remember that the
The tendency of pasting all the modern alphabets of the Sanskrit language on IVS must be analysed properly. Currently, this is written in Devanagari script which is the outcome of the changes took place in the number and the shape of the alphabets. On the other hand, neither every symbol of IVS represents an alphabet nor do they are denote only rituals.
I was asked to read more books of others, attack their arguments by searching for flaws in them and present my own view as if only arguments are left. Trio of study, reasoning and experience via various mediums is needed and chasing after one or two creates chaos leading to subjective criticism, dogmatic view, etc.
If there are no authors on a particular topic and /or dimension what will happen? While doing independent research on Charvaka Philosophy, I felt the pain when renowned publishers asked to read their publications on charvaka, as if I am writing a book after reading other books on this topic. Academic publishers are more interested in degrees and positions. Many work as a team where they fulfil their target of publishing books by following a diluted process. There is a rule to update the profile by showing published papers and books. It is more often done by re-writing the old published material and getting it published as a book by another publisher or as a paper in another journal. Like this, the whole team is benefitted. In this scenario it is not essential to read more, discuss their flaws, and so on. Most of them do not keep themself updated, nor ready for healthy discussion and ignore emails. In many cases, the associate editor knows nothing about the subject concerned and gives wrong reviews and examples where he/she does not have their own published work on any topic yet they are enjoying the chair.
Wirh 90% visual disability, Akshay Chaitanya, an independent researcher of ancient wisdom, presenting the hypothetical view on Indus valley
civilization and those previous, contemporary, regional sites excavated in India, who showed similarity,
continuity and chronological development of Bharat. To meet cosmic requirements few things were revealed in the process of analysing. It is a step to become familiar with the roots.
Is there any need for a mother language / script? If yes, why can't it be an earlier version of Sanskrit script? Why is Sanskrit script generally not accepted for research in the case of Indus script? If at all taken for the purpose of research, the alphabets used in the era of vedic Sanskrit are totally avoided and current ones are simply pasted on IVS, as if they emerged in the same time. Why is the individuality of various civilizations and cultural sites highlighted by neglecting the concept of continuity? When it comes to excavation and documentation, few parts of Bharat, including Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar islands are totally ignored? Why subjective criticism and biased approach is prefered more while presenting papers?
Acknowledgement
After visiting the channel and going through the playlist on Indus Valley Script and civilization professor Peter Revesz of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln asked for the English version of the work done. After doing that hearty intellect asked for
writing in English. Taking it as a cosmic call work began. Had healthy, meaningful, fruitful discussion with Sachin Dhodi and Chandra Shekhar Singh. Special thanks to Professor BVK Sastry who gave his precious views on this work.
Hopefully, this will open the door of the much awaited dimension
✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️
Chapter - 1
Sound, symbol, script and language
The natural process of evolution in every aspect of civilization go on taking place. Same thing happened with the languages. Why at all is there a need for a mother language globally? Scripts and languages can develop individually also. For example, the image of hexagram is seen in every known ancient civilization. And for this physical interaction among the societies of various civilizations can not be the final reason. It can also be given by the cosmos / cosmic administration. Any civilization must not be given the credit of transferring to everyone. When it comes to the concept of mother language, total credit is given to this or that language but more or less no place for sanskrit.
Majority of research proves foreign origin but there also no chance for taking it as a mother language.
One noticeable problem is aversion towards Sanskrit script / language.
Not only outside but within India there are selective and calculative researchers who will prove the link with other Indian languages but not with Sanskrit. They will take pain to prove the link with the script of other civilizations. Like fish, it is known as Meen in few Indian languages. While doing research from a linguistic angle Sanskrit is often ignored. For many it is a modern language. So the question of taking Sanskrit script does not arise in their mind. So if Meen, matsya are used for fish in Sanskrit it will not bother them. Even India is not taken as the origin of Sanskrit. It is a part of a global conspiracy to demoralise and divide the nation. Next step is the versions of arya invasion promoted via education and other mediums for brainwashing. Degrees, scholarships and jobs in the academic world are provided to play the game in a planned way. Both Arya invasion and Sanskrit are also clubbed. In one such theory the word 'migration' is used for Aryans, who came from Russia when the ice age started 12,000 years ago. In this variety there are people who will use Sanskrit verses, stotras hymns in worship but will give the credit of origin to other nations.
While using AI the policy of ignoring, neglecting sanskrit is easily noticed. Obviously the system developed to decipher or even decode one symbol will be constructed to give the predetermined result. After all, man made machines will behave on the basis of input provided by the human hand. By all means many want to prove that they are outsiders and Sanskrit came with them. That is why IVS & language seems to be mysterious.
Use of the word Brahmi
While pondering about the usage of the word Brahmi, analysis based on prescribed parameters of the rishis of vedic age and practising the required sadhana, the conclusion said that it was intentionally used instead of Sanskrit. Sponsored, pampered papers and books were written about the evolution of Brahmi from IVS without rethinking Sanskrit. The discussion goes with every ancient language which had a proven link with the societies of historical and prehistoric periods, heritage, lineage and is still alive. On the one hand, people talk about Sanskrit and its earlier versions but go on using the word ‘Brahmi’. Akshay follows the path of healthy discussion wherever possible and this time this responsibility was again taken by the cosmic administration who provided a link with the Professor BVK Sastry who supported the view of in depth study pointed in this analysis. He said, ‘it needs a History time revision of Languages at Bharath – Landscape time from Valmiki to Vyasa’. A pathetic situation where colonial mindset is still ruling and creating hurdles in the path of deciphering or working for the Sanskrit. Many are compassionate to the cause of ‘Sanskrit’- Knowledge system but still a long, long way to go before the goal is achieved.
Most remarkable point he raised was, ‘why did Amarakosha list Brahmi as name for Language (Plain)- and use the term Samskrutham- as a term for Grammatical Culturing and processing of given input –-prakruti- needs deeper thinking. Similarly modern Tamil enthusiasts forget the Kurul statement on Connection of Veda- Samskrutham to Tamil. So also the Buddhist teams fail to give due weightage to Vararuchi’s guidance on Sanskrit prerequisites before Ardhamagadhi/ Prakruth needed for Buddhist sacred texts’.
Did Sanskrit also evolve from IVS like Brahmi as said by many?
On the basis of the images and genesis both are closer to IVS. Alone arguments can not prove anyone's claim and proper contemplation is needed. if they are to be taken as separate scripts in the context of IVS, there is a need of further unbiased analysis. While deciphering personally, Sanskrit script got more votes. Either both of them evolved from the same source or both were same abd later separate names were alloted to promote language politics.
The Kharosthi script :-
As an ancient alphasyllabary script,
Kharoṣṭhī, also known as Gāndhārī script, lacked the complexity of a modern language, written from right to left, had around 35 alphabets and the numbers were dependent on the need.
Instead of using separate vowels, consonants were represented with diacritics to indicate vowel sounds. Diacritics is a sign mentioned above or below a letter results in different pronunciation of the same letter when unmarked or differently marked and the meaning also differed as seen in the case of (gm - it will be seen in the 2nd chapter). This feature is widely used in the Sanskrit language and Brahmi and Devanagari lacked this one. Though the period of its usage is kept between 4th century BCE - 3rd century CE, this is also linked IVS (example in the 2nd chapter). It was also taken as the script of traders where message was sent by using less alphabets.
The tendency of ignoring IVS is also proven here where the link between both the scripts was not at all seen.
Reasons for opposing Sanskrit.
1 - Since no seals, tablets, etc were found so Sanskrit came from outside. In fact, the IVS is Sanskrit in symbolic form.
2 - Proof of Sanskrit is found in (Syria, Turkey, etc) so it originated outside. Idols, sculptures, paintings related with Hinduism had been found in several nations. That will never prove that Hinduism originated outside.
3 A childish argument is that there are no Sanskrit words in IVS as if words of other languages are directly seen there. Even the difference between script and language is sidelined to oppose sanskrit. Even few right wing thinkers love to talk about Hinduism but will not support Sanskrit and for them it is a language of the elite class. These free thinkers are really free from thinking. A number of people do not know English. For them it belongs to the elite class. Many did not go to college and university. So for them these two are meant for the elite class.
Communication in oral and pictographic form
The society of IVS communicated in both, oral language and pictogram form. The oral form included stories, song Luo, prayers, dance and music.
The pictogram forms were used in several ways. Broadly they can be divided under two heads - national and international use.
National use -
1 For preserving the original technique of various ceremonies performed by the society of IVC.
2 Since the chances of forgetting, diluting, misinterpreting is more in oral (verbal) transfer of the technique they were inscribed in a codified way.
3 Few cities were mainly meant for production and storage of goods. So few people stayed there and those who were needed for a short time, came and went back. There were 1000+ cities used for several purposes. The new site discovered in Lodrani village near Dholavira, located in Rapar taluka of Kachchh district in Gujarat says that still there is a lot to be discovered. In order to maintain the uniformity, pictogram form was more useful.
4 The Chalcolithic Age (Copper age) site Ganeshwar (a village in Neem-Ka-Thana Tehsil - a municipal city of Sikar district, Rajasthan) had trade relation with IVC in their later phase. Copper as a raw material and in the form of finished product were supplied. The seals helped in developing the relation. This trade helped in the growth of an ancient site of IVC,
Kalibangan situated in northern Rajasthan. It became one of the meeting point of copper and bronze age. Another site of IVC, Vanavali in Fatehabad district, Haryana and around 118 km northeast of Kalibangan was one of the site used in the trade route. A bond of relationship developed between the two societies and it is proven by seeing few symbols of copper age in IVS.
International use -
1 As a form of trademark, licence, identity required for international trade, informing about the goods available.
2 The style of packing goods.
3 The container contains one or more varieties of goods.
3 To describe the route and / or location
It also helped in communicating with the people of other civilizations.
Earlier version of Sanskrit
When the early humans started communicating only sounds came out from their mouths. Their meanings were dependent on the style of sound, hand gestures and the movements of the body. Different needs gave rise to various patterns of communicating. It is a natural phenomenon seen in the history of human civilization. The pictographic form of IVS came afterwards and before it was the oral language which dominated communication. It was a memorable day for human beings when they started converting sounds into symbols which went through the process of change before emerging as alphabets. It was a time consuming process in human history. Similar looking symbols in ancient civilizations might have developed independently. None can give guarantee about their same meaning. With this there is a need of working language for day to day communication. The symbols will follow the oral language of the area concerned.
For the purpose of preserving oral form, a pictographic version was available.
Slowly-slowly the symbols went through a normal process of change and gave rise to an earlier form of Brahmi script. After all, a full script takes time to develop. The developed form of Brahmi script became the source of Pali and Prakrit languages. It also helped in developing Tulu script. The changed symbols were later converted into alphabets.
A single script is used in writing many languages. Unfortunately when it comes to Sanskrit there is a type of aversion. Why is it so? Roman and Brahmi script is used to write many languages. Even Indian languages are written in Roman script in social media. The journey of script to language meets with dialect. It represents local language limited to one region of a nation. It emerges in the border area connected to another nation, mixing of languages within one nation having multiple languages, impact on topography on speech, etc. When one major version of any language develops it overshadows several local languages and they are taken as dialects as one sees in the case of devanagari (modern Hindi). Before this Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Chattisgarh, Haryanvi, Kannauj, Rajasthani, etc were also taken as languages and still they continue to enjoy the same status in their respective areas. Brahmi script was changed to nagri and later to devanagari. Even the South Indian languages are related with Brahmi script. The Brahmi script is related to the Indus script. Till here there is no problem and the social atmosphere is cool. As soon as the word Sanskrit comes into the picture opposition, rejection, confusion starts in full swing.
The society of IVC followed both styles, to transfer information and knowledge from one generation to another. The specific word for this was 'shrut' means listening (not hearing) and gave rise to the word Shruti (listening to sacred texts). The seed (dhatu) alphabet श्रु (shru) – श्रृण् (sruN, shreen) means listen in Sanskrit. There was no major change in the formation of the word since both belonged to the same language. In Indian classical music also seven swaras are known as 7 Shruti due to the tradition of listening. In the process of listening the speaker communicates in various styles of pronunciation. In simple words it can be said as communicating in normal voice as used daily with two additional styles - - one lower and another higher than the normal voice. So there are three types of pronunciation in oral language and are used as and when required. As we see while calling a person standing near and far. Additional line(s) is / are or even a new pattern is added to the existence symbol. The difference in pronunciation is shown via the volume of sound. Same style is applied in both external - internal levels. Here, the external is at gross and the internal at a subtle level.
The Sanskrit script also went through the process of sound - symbol - change in symbols - alphabets. IVS is an earlier (preliminary) version of the Sanskrit script and the society of Indus Valley used that as their oral language. IVC is the continuty of copper age and in the same way Vedic civilization is the continuty of IVC.
The process of articulating speech depends on both internal - external features and is highly developed in humans than other vertebrates. Internally, lips, teeth, tongus, jaw muscles, hard palate, soft palate, larynx (voice box), vocal chords, nasal cavity are involved in the airflow and produce sounds of various frequencies. Shape and the maintenance of the articulators influences the speech.
The external features include upbringing, practice, seacon, weather conditions, adaptation, air density, etc. The process of speaking is highly influenced by external features. It is noticed in the dialects and the differences in accent of the same language. Dialects have their own vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and meaning. When any language becomes prominent regional dialects are not considered as independent languages as seen in the case of decanagri (modern Hindi). Hindi is not at all a mother tongue but an official and link language. In the case of mother tongue, previously known as languages and now dialects are still prominent in the homes. Slowly-slowly, the current generation is moving away from them and the forthcoming generations will even forget their linguistic heritage.
In the case of speech, consonants are pronounced with more constriction in the vocal tract than vowels. Shape and the maintenance of the articulators also influences the speech.
Though, one script gave rise to many languages but the number of alphabets were neither same nor all of them emerged during the same time. For convenience, examples of the English language will be taken. Since the UK colonised many nations, British English was globally accepted. When IT companies of the US entered the market, spellings of many words were changed to show their own particularity.
Image from -
https://www.proofreadingservices.com/pages/british-vs-americanspellingigp
Classical Latin had 23 letters and old English adopted them so there were no separate symbols for the sound pointing towards 'J', 'U' and 'W'. The letter 'J' was added to the English alphabet in 1524 due to the effort of Gian Giorgio Trissino. Before this, 'I' was used to denote both 'I' and 'J' with a difference in pronunciation. Same reason is seen with 'U' and 'W'. Standardised letter shape of 'U' took place in the 1600s. Before that 'V' was used for both 'U' and 'V'. There was a period when Z and S were removed and added again. On the other hand, the difference in the pronunciation of UK, Irish, Scottish, American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand English is noticeable, though English is their main language. In many cases, the difference is seen in the spelling also (discussed before). There are versions of English belonging to the nations where it is not their main language.
Alphabets of many languages have gone through a series of changes and all of them took time to emerge on the surface. Their acceptance, rejection, out of use after some time, use of alternatives, are some of the features related with the languages and Sanskrit is not an exception. When Devanagari came into existence, it got the Sanskrit script and grammar. Even, few basic rules of the Chanda shastra (in Sanskrit) were adopted to prepare a separate book on the Poetic meter of Hindi / Devanagari. Have personally studied this in class nine - ten and practice of reading - writing helped in remembering during this discussion.
Choice of the symbols in IVS
Every language contains consonants and vowels. One need not be a linguistic to say this and IVS is not an exception. Normally, In every language, alphabets took time to emerge and all of them were not present in the beginning era of a language.
The emergence of various symbols based on the use and location of the people concerned took place during IVC. The population staying near water bodies will have aquatic animals, birds seen nearby, growth of flora - fauna as the medium of symbols. Whereas, people staying near mountains, deserts, and far from rivers will have different symbols. Though civilizations developed near rivers, they expanded far from them. Obviously all the symbols did not come into existence in one period and place. The same rule applies on the development of the script, language and linguistic complexity.
Three different types of research
Most of the research done on IVS and civilization can be divided into three groups.
1 In this group every paper, book, seminar, webinar and channel supports Arya invasion theory in two (invasion and migration) ways. In the case of migration, handful migrated and mixed with the society of IVC staying in smaller sites which were in the north west and far western side. There must be an independent language of IVC so what was that? How could a handful migratorse influence the whole civilization? How could their script and language was accepted and followed by IVC? There is a link of IVS and the script found in the Chalcolithic age sites of Rajasthan. Why it was not seen and only focused on foreign origin of IVS? This variety of researchers says that invasion / migration was responsible for the decline of IVC. Why do they say things like this in the name of scientific and academic research? Why most of them even do not talk about Sanskrit as a possible language? And not even as a foreign language used in IVC.
The motive of this group has already been discussed before.
2 The second group contains those papers and books which are mainly based on the total impact of Egyptian and Sumerian civilization. In the case of other civilizations everyone talks about their independent growth but not with IVC and IVS. They might not talk on Arya invasion openly but will decipher IVC on the basis of other's script. This attachment will motivate them in saying that the bird symbol in IVC was replaced by fish due to Egyptian script. Interestingly, the fish Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was a symbol of both, rebirth and fertility. A fish
normally symbolises fertility and here it was especially related with rebirth. And this particular was nicely pasted on the fish symbol of IVC where it is one of the repetitive symbols shown in various styles. Few even took advantage of the concept of rebirth in Hinduism and connected various symbols as 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation of ancestors. Few scholars said that it is a mixture of several scripts.
3 The third group is dominated by independent researchers. Few have simply described the symbols on the basis of ritualism. Their style of presentation is applaudable. Under the influence of this passion indologists could not work on other possibilities or even meaning of the symbols in an analytical way. In some cases vision of the second category is seen while describing the ritual related to ancestors.
Individual symbols can contain various information but that can not be a rule for the same symbol used elsewhere. A fish-like symbol is formed in the centre of the intersecting circle(s). It is a natural output and must not be taken as the final parameter to decipher the 'fish' symbol. In Sanskrit the word 'mandala' is also used to denote circular formation and numerous definitions can be pasted on the basis of ritualism. Two intersecting circles can have many symbolic meanings, depending on their position, direction and context so neither they or any symbol made due to their intersection can not denote one meaning. If only one meaning is promoted it will give rise to unhealthy deciphering. Variation in the pattern and combination in the use of symbol (fish) must not be sidelined and ignored. After all, the fish symbol can also be made by seeing a real fish. This dimension seems to be closer to the concept of this symbol. A copper tool found at the sites of Chalcolithic Age (copper age) in Rajasthan also resembles a fish-like shape. On the other hand different styles of worshipping was practised by the society of IVC and complexity of techniques were not present during that time so while deciphering, an indologist must not take the help of the literature written much later.
In the case of IVC, the symbol of intersecting two circles is present so they can be interpreted as 'mandala' used in tantra and normal worshipping.
In this third type, a group of researchers started the use of mathematical model and puzzle. Few of them projected their analysis as the final word. Since model and puzzle are different, they will be seen
separately.
The mathematical model need reference point(s) / assumptions. We are familiar with the statements - let it be X, let the CP (cost price) be 100, keeping other factors constant, and so on. In day-to-day behaviour, reference points are used more due to their practicability and direct evidence, like explaining the location, direction, pointing towards another object, locating someone in the gathering, etc. They can be taken as direct or circumstantial evidence but assumptions are imaginary in nature, their result / conclusion is theoretical and the possibility of becoming practical depends on the purpose of assumption as seen in the case of calculating cost - sell price, impact on the market, etc. In this, explicit assumptions indicate promoting one's own ideology or belief at any cost, claims, concept of suppressing or brainwashing or vested interest, etc. An implicit assumption is based on personal study, reasoning and experience. Both of them are conditions that must be proven for achieving one's own goal or theory or ideology in the subjects of arts and commerce. In the field of science this dogmatic attitude usually fails. Normally, in the scientific world the conclusion or the paper is presented before the experts of the same topic and it is thoroughly tested. After confirmation the final copy is prepared. This model / analysis is not a reliable and guaranteed source for deciphering IVS.
The mathematical puzzle, Cryptograms uses symbols, patterns, designs for messaging to restrict unauthorised use. Only a person familiar with this style will be able to decode the meaning. These days, open claims are not only made but a tendency of proving one's own superiority is seen in those who are taking their work as totally correct. By mistake, these people are taking cryptograms as an authentic mathematical model and not a puzzle.
When a model is influenced by flaws, this puzzle will have more. Some of them are
human error, quantum computing, complexity, using old or weak cryptographic algorithms, etc. IVS comes in the category of ancient algorithms. A work must be presented as an hypothesis and not as the 'final' word. Few of these are promoted by industrial house owned media and circulated in social media in a planned way. One of my students was surprised to see the number of viewers of a video within two days. Well, these days numbers, likes, comments, and ratings can be easily purchased. General public is highly influenced and supports the content. Promoting a particular hypothesis is practised globally.
Things which can be easily quantified are placed before the mass and that is why researchers have emphasised on one point / dimension. The confusion, chaos, contradiction due to and within the hypothesis is not at all entertained and all (3rd type of researchers) are eager to prove the presence of Vedic literature in IVS. Total focus is on ritualism as if that is the main topic or through this, attention of the current society can be easily obtained so it becomes a natural and easy point, therefore most of the work talks about that. Fanatic approach did not care about the parts like zodiac signs, constellations, circumpolar constellations, agro products, flora - fauna related with the rituals and their presence in the IVS. As said earlier, IVS included symbols and images on the seals. Both are related with one another. The images, for example, Unicorn seems to be the same, close observation will prove the difference in the image. This issue will be seen separately.
A new trend is seen among the people working on IVS. They represent an unhealthy mixture of the three types of research in various combinations.
Trade and metallurgy like angles are used for deciphering, promoting, publishing, brainwashing the mass and create a chaos among the followers of various interpretations. Though all of them are simply hypothesis but a dogmatic impact is generated towards this or that presentation. They are fanatic towards their own assumption /claim. Half baked knowledge is harmful and here, information is taken as knowledge without study, reasoning and experience via various mediums. They do not feel the need for open, healthy and fruitful discussion. Individually, they have a huge number of followers in social media and they are satisfied with this. It will be intetesting to know some of their views.
Trade - under this head, the researchers promoted that the seals of IVS are only related with trade and commerce. According to them, preserving and transferring information is only needed in business which is simply a childish argument. They are contradicting their own conclusion by saying, the scoeity was leading a simple, peaceful life without any complications in behaviour which will need a documented record like seal. When the IVC was spread in a vast area, from the current day Afghanistan, Pakistan to North West India till Maharashtra. Their must be other activities as seen by the proof of fire altars, seals showing the image of deity / deities, sky gazing, etc.
Metallurgy - under this head, the research is focussed, only on metallurgy and neglects the separate existence of crafts, artisan work, animal husbandry. They are bringing other activities in the domain of metallurgy by directly - indirectly saying that every activity was meant for metallurgy.
Deciphering needs the knowledge of various dimensions of human life. IVS is projecting various levels of thought process whereas, narrowness is currently prominent, promoted, sponsored and broadmindedness is mostly avoided. It might be a natural process where a small / limited approach will gradually lead to a broader aspect.
A normal query regarding the identity
of the academic and non academic
researchers of all the three groups will arise. The admirers of IVC and IVS
are already familiar with them. And the list with the reference to their work will increase the burden so it is better to avoid.
Two methods of inscription
The script of Indus Valley civilization contains two methods of inscription - symbols and pictures. Few signs are frequently repeated in various sequences. On the other hand there are signs which are used less. An order of use is seen when one sees various signs. The possibility of various meanings of the same sign is there with frequently used signs within the text as one notices with the fish like sign. It is inscribed in various ways.
While analysing the meaning of the symbols one must see -
1 Is it reparative or not.
2 on which object.
3 the place where the particular object was found.
4 The place and sequence in the text. Like the U symbol is repeated and normally the position is seen in the last, second last or in the beginning. Probably that particular text was read right to left or started with U for a specific reason. Have personally taken the meaning as 'yes' said in three styles - doubt, subject to (reasoning, analysis and situation) and total affirmation. This symbol's form was changed several times and is related with Sanskrit. There is a video on this in my channel.
5 Probable individual and collective
meaning. The individual meaning will
change as and when needed to match with the text. If there is any picture with the text the meaning deciphered must match with that particular inscription of human or animal form. After all, they were part of the communication.
6 Few independent researchers have worked on the link with Sanskrit by taking the help of ritualistic patterns followed in vedic literature. Their interpretation explains the symbols in one pattern only. It is true that a single symbol might contain a lot of information but that can not be applied everywhere for the same symbol. All the symbols and texts are not related with ceremonies and their technique.
7 आ नो भद्राः क्रतवो यन्तु विश्वतः। (Rig veda 1.89.1) Let noble thoughts come to me from all directions. This must be kept in the mind while analyzing the relation of IVS and Sanskrit.
Symbols denote various types of words
Combined words (brunch = breakfast + lunch, internet = inter + net), compound words (toothbrush, toothpaste, armchair, sofa set) and ligature (fluid, fish, ship, first flower , amœba). Now, uncommon in current English, the use of Ligature can be seen in the languages like French, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Cyrillic, Armenian, and Arabic. While going through the Indian languages, most of them are using Ligature in writing and speaking. IVS presents various types of words and must be analyzed properly. Complex symbols point towards compound, combined and Ligature (sanyukta akshar) words. Since the space was less, use of polysemous (use of a word with multiple meanings where they may or may not relate with each other) words was common. This tradition was deeply seeded in IVS. If anyone sees the problem with the use of ‘ligature’ in the case of language can easily take in the types of combined words.
One after another the connection with Sanskrit and the factor of continuity is coming on the surface. By seeing the following images any linguist can see the pattern. Even a person having high school education can catch the difference.
✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️
Reference -
THE INDUS SCRIPT
Texts, Concordance and Tables
iravatham Mahadevan
Published by The Director General
Archaeological Survey of India
NEW Delhi, 1977
Total number of letters in the alphabet
https://www.worldometers.info/languages/how-many-letters-alphabet/#:~:text=Until%201835%2C%20the%20English%20Alphabet,English%20and%203%20added%20later.
When Did The Letter U Enter The Alphabet?
https://www.dictionary.com/e/theletteru/
Why Was Z Once Removed From The Alphabet?
https://www.dictionary.com/e/z/
Meet The Man Responsible For The Letter “J”
https://www.dictionary.com/e/j/
What Was The Most Recent Letter Added To English alphabet?
https://www.marstranslation.com/blog/what-was-the-most-recent-letter-added-to-the-english-alphabet#:~:text=In%201524%2C%20%22J%22%20was,argued%20for%20them%20to%20be.
The REAL problem with encryption:
you're doing it wrong!
https://www.crypteron.com/blog/the-real-problem-with-encryption/
